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The objective of this review is to highlight the potential and feasibility of the cultivation of native species of the sub-Andean Yungas, Physalis peruviana and P. pubescens, in Argentina. Both species produce fruits with similar characteristics, being almost indistinguishable. Some names of the fruit are Physalis, cape gooseberry, capulí, aguaymanto, Cape goosberry or goldenberry. It is an exotic fruit of worldwide growing interest, mainly for its nutraceutical properties and excellent prices in Europe and the US, where it is considered a "speciality" fruit. It grows in environments with thermal ranges from 5 to 35°C, with a base temperature of 6.29°C and an optimal temperature of 21°C, requiring a constant supply of water, with demands in the range of 1000 to 1800 mm of precipitation, well distributed throughout the year. The main pests are Epitrix cucumeris (Coleoptera), Chloridea (Heliothis) subflexa (Lepidoptera) and Liriomyza sp. (Diptera). The most important pathogen is Fusarium oxysporum, followed by Phoma sp., Pythium sp., Cercospora physalidis and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The fruit can be affected by postharvest pathogens such as Botrytis sp., Cladosporium, Pestalotia and Phomopsis. In Tucumán, INTA-Famaillá carried out adaptation tests with both Physalis species, verifying their agronomic viability. Argentina’s northwestern region has developed as an agro-export hub for fresh berries to the northern hemisphere, where the main consumer markets for goldenberry are located, constituting an opportunity. The processing of goldenberry allows the production of stable, sensory-pleasant products, broadening the possibilities of commercialization, and allowing the addition of value (pulp, nectars, juices, jams, dehydrated products, energy bars, sauces, ice cream, etc.).

PDF 830.1 KB (477 downloads)

Nutritional requirements of the‘Margarita’orange cultivar were determined under biophysical conditions of the Momposina Depression region of Colombia. The physical and chemical properties of the soils in the region were characterized. Then 18 experimental plots were chosen, where two tree populations were selected: The first, trees with yield greater than 250 kg of fruit, the second, with yield of less than 250 kg of fruit. The plots were monitored during three years of production (from October 2018 to December 2020). The production cycle was divided into three stages: the first, 35 days after flowering (DAF); the second, 70 DAF and the third, 100 DAF; moment which the fruits are in optimal state for their consumption. At each stage, the concentration of nutrients in leaf tissue and nutrient extraction by the fruit were quantified. Significant differences were found between nutrient extractions among the three stages evaluated (P <0.05). In the first stage, higher N extraction was observed, with 4.78 kg Mg-1 of fruit, followed by K and Ca. In the second and third stages, there was greater extraction of K, with 3.35 and 3.10 kg Mg-1 of fruit, respectively; followed by N and Ca. The highest extraction of microelements in the three stages was B and Fe. Significant correlations were identified between productivity and P, K, Zn, Ca, Fe and B concentrations in leaf tissue, from which general standards were generated to interpret foliar analyses.

PDF 720.2 KB (517 downloads)

Our objective was to evaluate the suppression of root infection by the nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato roots previously colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (HMA) native of Buenos Aires Province. Tomato plants were inoculated at sowing with a consortiumcontaining HMA= HMA0, HMA50 and HMA100 corresponding to 0, 50% and 100% of substrate with HMA (8 replications). At 40 days, inoculated plants showed HMA colonization higher than 60%. Plants were transplanted and each treatment was inoculated or not with M. incognita (4 replications of each nematode inoculation treatment). At harvest (115 days of growth) plants inoculated with HMA without nematodes showed mycorrhizal colonization higher than 90%. Although plants inoculated with nematodes showed decreases of mycorrhizal colonization, the obtained levels were higher than colonization prior to transplant. Inoculation with HMA decreased both soil abundance of nematode larvae (j2) and number of root galls. Although aerial growth of tomato was not affected by inoculation (HMA or nematodes), HMA0 plants (independently of nematode inoculation) showed higher root growth, that can be considered a strategy of the plant in order to compensate the lower volume of root exploration in the absence of HMA hyphae. Our results showed reduction of nematode density (j2, galls and egg masses) after inoculation of tomato with HMA. It may be concluded that the adequate establishment of mycorrhizal colonization prior to infection with nematodes exerts an apparent control of the infection of the M. incognita nematode in tomato roots. It could be a strategic tool for the biological control of pathogens of horticultural crops.

PDF 630.3 KB (1197 downloads)

Sweet corn has gene in recessive homozygosis, whose function is to retard or prevent the complete transformation of soluble sugars from grain to starch, being this the main difference with the grain maize. The objective of this review is to bring together the basic concepts related to ecophysiology of sweet and super sweet corn. Botanical characteristics of maize in general and the distinctive physiological properties of sweet and super sweet corn compared to corn grain are presented. From this point, and on the review presents the main ecophysiological variables that affect the growth and development of sweet and super sweet corn. Factors affecting germination and crop growth are considered, taking into account the plant density, nutritional, water and thermal requirements, with an special focus on the effect they have on the crop physiology of the crop when they are limiting.

PDF 996.6 KB (1347 downloads)

The genotypic sweet pepper offer is wide and allows adaption of the commercial crop to different environmental and cultural facilities. However, the choice of a specific pepper genotype with the objective to optimize crop yield requires the knowledge of the endogenous and technological factors involved. Sweet pepper seed price is high while seed germination is slow and heterogeneous which force commercial growers to change the direct sowing for a transplant routine. However, plug trays give different abiotic stresses related to both the cell volume and the growing media quality in vegetables. Vegetative growth rate in sweet pepper is low and limited by the rate of leaf area expansion, which is limited by both the development processes temperature-dependent and the biomass accumulation processes limited by the light photosynthetic flux, water and minerals. Sweet pepper plants flower early and blooming is temperature-dependent. If the grower´s objective is to reach the highest sweet pepper yield per unit area and time, it is critical to know the physiological mechanisms involved which affect the rates of growth and development at different plant stages. In the present paper, the available bibliography related to the physiological processes that control pepper growth and development are compiled. The related available crop technology has been included as well.

PDF 383.6 KB (893 downloads)

Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) belongs to the Asteraceas family. This specie is reproduced in an agamic way and produces tubers (underground stems) that are used for the plant propagation. It usually sprouts in spring and develops a large overhead structure with several stems and branches, reaching up to 4 meters in heigh. Thereafter, it produces tuberization and the overhead structure dies. Planting is done in winter at a density of 20,000 to 50,000 plants·ha-1 and the recommended depth is between 10 to 15 cm. In Jerusalem artichoke, main plant development phases are: rhizomes formation, tuberization, flowering and senescense. They are affected by weather conditions, such us temperature, radiation and photoperiod, being the latter the most important because it affects vegetative growth and tubers maturation. Although Jerusalem artichoke is very resistant to drought, tuber yield is affected by water deficit, especially if it occurs at flowering or during tubers growth. Crop water requirements is 1,250 mm. Jerusalem artichoke is very efficient in nutrient uptake.

PDF 682.7 KB (1497 downloads)

The seeds of the Apiaceae have a slow and uneven emergence harming the productivity of crops. This inconvenience is caused in part by its indeterminate flowering habit and the presence of inhibitors. A species of this family with medicinal and spices properties is the cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), traditionally cultivated in countries of northern Africa and eastern Mediterranean. In Argentina it is planted in Catamarca, Salta and La Rioja, by about 750 families of smallholders. Agricultural Experiment Station INTA of Sumalao in Catamarca provides cumin seeds to the production area. Globally, important advances in production techniques and seed management have been achieved in several species of this family. However in the particular case of cumin seed production, there are few research papers trying to find answers to this problem and to suggest management guidelines to minimize the negative aspects in order to obtain high yields of better quality seed. The sowing date and plant density on cumin are matters of great importance in seed production because they cause significant morphological changes in this species. It is necessary to obtain an appropriate balance between sowing date and plant density for reaching seed lots of high yield and good quality. The objective of this review is to provide an analysis of management guidelines concerning the sowing date and plant density of cumin emphasizing the effect in the yield, its components and seed quality.

PDF 648.2 KB (1261 downloads)

The horticultural use of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) has not been spread in Argentina. The young cladodes are rich in calcium (Ca) and fibers; and besides their nutritional qualities they have medicinal properties that help to control obesity, hyperglycemia in blood, cholesterol, etc. They can also be consumed raw in salads, but most people prefer them stewed and combined with other foods like eggs, peppers, shrimps, etc. and even in sauces. In this bibliographical review, morphologic and physiological aspects of the opuntias are considered in their ecological adjustment. The main factors that affect the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the accumulation of biomass are analyzed. They are: water content in the soil, air temperature, light and soil elements. The great adjustment of the opuntias to different climatic and soil conditions, granted by their morphologic and physiological characteristics should stimulate their culture with commercial aims, especially at the Calchaqui valley and in the Puna, helping the farmers with the culture and harvest techniques, and food preparations with a high nutritional value.

PDF 620.1 KB (749 downloads)

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different training systems of Stella/Colt sweet cherries (pruned vase, modified (tied) vase, central leader and tatura), on yield and fruit quality in the Lower Valley of Chubut River. In the 2006/2007 season, pruned vase showed the lowest yield and its low F/LA ratio was an important factor for better fruit quality (weight, soluble solids content (SSC) and firmness). Even when modified vase presented a high yield similar than tatura’s, this last one showed a better fruit quality (SSC and firmness). Central leader presented a mid-point situation. In the 2007/2008 season, the yield was lower in pruned vase than in the other three training systems. This system showed lowest LAI value and also the lowest fruit number to leaf area (F·LA-1) ratio. The higher LAI was observed in tatura. The yield was positively related to both LAI and to F·LA-1 ratio and fruit quality (fruit weight, SSC and firmness) decreased as F·LA-1 ratio increased.