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Agriculture in arid regions requires physiological and agronomic studies. Phenology was analysed and morphological and productive responses of garlic (cv. Morado INTA) to irrigation strategies were evaluated in an arid region of La Rioja. The trial was carried out in INTA EEA Chilecito in 2022. The design was a randomized complete block design with three replications and three irrigation treatments were applied: T1-100%, T2-120% and T3-75% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during 28 days after the 12th visible leaf of the main growth stage 1(main shoot).The extended garlic phenological scale was used. Leaves, plant height, plant pseudostem and neck, basal disc, diameter, height and bulb weight were measured. Phenology results: 97.8% sprouting at 19 dap (days after planting) and 368 growing degree-days (GDD), main shoot development (12th leaf) at 142 dap and 1823 GDD and the 100% bulb diameter at 212 dap and 3095 GDD. Irrigation results: T3 did not affect height, number of leaves or pseudostem length, but modified the basal leaf with respect to T1 and T2. T3 reduced neck diameter and bulb height without affecting final bulb weight, and consequently increased the bulbification index with respect to T2. The application of controlled deficit irrigation (75% of ETc) during the month of September and the return to full irrigation until bulb harvest are strategies that optimize water use and production in the garlic crop (cv. Morado INTA).

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Garlic is a species with nutraceutical properties that is cultivated in Córdoba as a component of the diversity planned by producers in their agrosystems. It is especially important as a component of orchards and family farms, since it is incorporated into the family diet, due to its beneficial effect on human health, and as raw material for bioinputs used to manage potential pests. Society increasingly demands food produced in a more respectful way with the environment. The potential yield of garlic in the province is achieved with nitrogen fertilization with chemical synthesis products. Therefore, the objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of two bio-inputs (bokashi and supermagro) on garlic yield, as a contribution to the transition of the agroecosystems that produce it. The trial was carried out in the Campo Escuela of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences - National University of Córdoba. In March 2021, three garlic cultivars (Alpa Suquía; Pampeano and Serrano) produced the previous year were implanted in the institution's Germplasm Bank, which were biofertilized, leaving an unfertilized control. In two of the three cultivars used, Serrano and Pampeano, bokashi and supermagro generated higher potential crop yield. The bulbs harvested in the biofertilization treatments showed higher weight in the Serrano and Pampeano cultivars; and a greater proportion of bulbs of caliber 4 and 5. It is necessary to continue analyzing this type of management over time to corroborate other effects that result in the best use of the resources of the productive system.

PDF 568.2 KB (318 downloads)

Potato is naturally propagated by tubers, which go into a dormant state after harvesting. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of three doses of gibberellic acid (AG3) (10, 20 and 30 ppm) and three immersion times (5, 10 and 15 min) on sprouting of fresh potato tubers of the Spunta cultivar, under laboratory and field emergency conditions. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with a factorial arrangement plus absolute control (3 x 3 + 1) and three replications. In the laboratory, the following were evaluated: sprouting percentage, number, length and diameter of sprouts per tuber. In the field, the percentage of emergence and the number of stems per tuberswere evaluated. The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The results indicate that there was no interaction between the factors under study. In the laboratory, 43 days after the application of the treatments, with a dose of 30 ppm of AG3, 100% sprouting of the tubers was obtained and with 10 minutes of immersion, 93.89% sprouting. In the field experiment, with a dose of 30 ppm of AG3, the highest percentage of emergence and number of stems per tubers were obtained, while soaking the tubers for 15 minutes promoted the highest number of stems per plant.

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The cucumber is an economically important crop for the vegetables growers, especially in the Cordillera, Paraguay zone, due to the distance to the market and its appreciated value as food. The research was done in Colonia Curupayty, in the Cordillera department, in the Eusebio Ayala district, (latitude S 25° 22′ 54.34″ meridian W 56° 57′ 38.77″), Paraguay. The aim of this work was to evaluate cucumber crop yield(Cucumis sativusL.) applying different doses of boron (B), and were measured: yield of experimental unit (EU), fruit weigth, plant yield, fruit diameter and length and economic analysis. The experimental design was completely random, composed of four (4) treatments(T1: 0,5 lt/ha T2: 1,0 lt/ha; T3 1,5 lt/ha and T4 ( without boron) and five (5) repetitions.A liquid mineral fertilizer with boron ethanolamine was used, with a concentration of 11% boron.The crop was established in double files. The distance between plants was 1,0 m x 0,70 m. Variance analysis (ANAVA) and Tukey test at 5% demonstrated that boron influences cucumber production. The best results were for treatmentT3 (1,5 lt B/ha), with a yield/m2 of 11,90 kg, a fruit weight of 345 gr, yield per plant of 4,83 kg, fruit diameter with 4,6 cm and length of 26,02 cm.

PDF 690.6 KB (377 downloads)

High solar radiation promotes stress conditions in apple plants[Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh.],which can be attenuated using sunburn suppressants products. Generally, the effect of sun protection agents has been analyzed using univariate techniques. The aim of the present study was to characterize, through multivariate statistical analysis, the effect of CaCO3-based sunburn suppressants on quality variables of 'Braeburn' apples. The experiment was conducted under a completely randomized design with three treatments (T=control, A=CaCO3, B=CaCO3+ZnO) and four replicates. Each treatment was sprayed four times: A, 2% w v-1; B, 5% w v-1 for the first application and 2.5% w v-1 for the three remaining ones. At harvest, sunburn degree and, in non-affected fruit, size and maturity indices were determined. Three groups (G) were distinguished. G1 consisted of T fruit and was characterized by lower fruit weight, more severe sun damage proportion of fruits, and an advanced maturity. G2 encompassed A and T fruit and showed intermediate characteristics between G1 and G3. G3 consisted of B fruit and showed higher weight, less severe sun damage, and lower maturity. Multivariate analysis allowed visualizing the effect of CaCO3-based formulations on fruit several quality variables simultaneously. We conclude that application of CaCO3 decreased severe sunburn, increased fruit weight, and delayed fruit maturity at harvest. Further research is needed to elucidate the physiological, biochemical and oxidative mechanisms mediating the effects of foliar CaCO3 applications on apple fruit.

PDF 907.9 KB (517 downloads)

The objective of this review is to highlight the potential and feasibility of the cultivation of native species of the sub-Andean Yungas, Physalis peruviana and P. pubescens, in Argentina. Both species produce fruits with similar characteristics, being almost indistinguishable. Some names of the fruit are Physalis, cape gooseberry, capulí, aguaymanto, Cape goosberry or goldenberry. It is an exotic fruit of worldwide growing interest, mainly for its nutraceutical properties and excellent prices in Europe and the US, where it is considered a "speciality" fruit. It grows in environments with thermal ranges from 5 to 35°C, with a base temperature of 6.29°C and an optimal temperature of 21°C, requiring a constant supply of water, with demands in the range of 1000 to 1800 mm of precipitation, well distributed throughout the year. The main pests are Epitrix cucumeris (Coleoptera), Chloridea (Heliothis) subflexa (Lepidoptera) and Liriomyza sp. (Diptera). The most important pathogen is Fusarium oxysporum, followed by Phoma sp., Pythium sp., Cercospora physalidis and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The fruit can be affected by postharvest pathogens such as Botrytis sp., Cladosporium, Pestalotia and Phomopsis. In Tucumán, INTA-Famaillá carried out adaptation tests with both Physalis species, verifying their agronomic viability. Argentina’s northwestern region has developed as an agro-export hub for fresh berries to the northern hemisphere, where the main consumer markets for goldenberry are located, constituting an opportunity. The processing of goldenberry allows the production of stable, sensory-pleasant products, broadening the possibilities of commercialization, and allowing the addition of value (pulp, nectars, juices, jams, dehydrated products, energy bars, sauces, ice cream, etc.).

PDF 712.7 KB (531 downloads)

Climatic and soil characteristics of the southwestern Buenos Aires province in Argentina make this semiarid region very conducive for olive(Olea europaea L.)cultivation. The aim of this study was to determine growth and yield of eight olive cultivars grown in three districts of the southwestern Buenos Aires province. Samples were taken in productive olives in the districts of Bahia Blanca, Coronel Dorrego and Puan in the following places: Cabildo (farm “Doña Mirta”); Faro (farm “La Susana”) and Puan (farm “Epu Antu”), respectively. During the 2015/2016 production cycle, sprout growth and plant yield were determined. The highest sprout growth was observed in the north and east cardinal points in all cultivars. In Faro, the Arbequina cultivar showed higher sprout growth in spring in the youngest trees. In Puan, the Frantoio cultivar showed greater growth than the other cultivars, which behaved similarly. Comparing different plant establishment years in the Frantoio cultivar, the highest growth was observed in the youngest trees. The Arbequina and Frantoio cultivars showed higher sprout growth (i.e., length and internode number) in spring, while the increase on basal diameter resulted higher in summer. Comparing the three study sites, the Arbequina cultivar showed greater growth in Puan than in Faro during the spring season; in summer, its growth was higher in Cabildo than in Puan. Yields and production efficiency followed the order Farga (Puan) < Arbequina (Cabildo) < Arauco (Puan) < Arbequina (Puan) ≤ Manzanilla (Puan) < Frantoio (Puan).

PDF 830.1 KB (477 downloads)

Nutritional requirements of the‘Margarita’orange cultivar were determined under biophysical conditions of the Momposina Depression region of Colombia. The physical and chemical properties of the soils in the region were characterized. Then 18 experimental plots were chosen, where two tree populations were selected: The first, trees with yield greater than 250 kg of fruit, the second, with yield of less than 250 kg of fruit. The plots were monitored during three years of production (from October 2018 to December 2020). The production cycle was divided into three stages: the first, 35 days after flowering (DAF); the second, 70 DAF and the third, 100 DAF; moment which the fruits are in optimal state for their consumption. At each stage, the concentration of nutrients in leaf tissue and nutrient extraction by the fruit were quantified. Significant differences were found between nutrient extractions among the three stages evaluated (P <0.05). In the first stage, higher N extraction was observed, with 4.78 kg Mg-1 of fruit, followed by K and Ca. In the second and third stages, there was greater extraction of K, with 3.35 and 3.10 kg Mg-1 of fruit, respectively; followed by N and Ca. The highest extraction of microelements in the three stages was B and Fe. Significant correlations were identified between productivity and P, K, Zn, Ca, Fe and B concentrations in leaf tissue, from which general standards were generated to interpret foliar analyses.

Agrohomeopathy: New tool to improve soils, crops and plant protection against various stress conditions. Review

ADVANCES IN HORTICULTURE - REVIEW | Prieto Méndez, J. - Prieto García, F. - Hernández Pérez, A.D. - Quijada Morales, L.M. - Aquino Torres, A. - Acevedo Sandoval, O.A.

Tags: agroecology, homeopathy, secondary metabolites, salt stress, agriculture

PDF 962.9 KB (4730 downloads)

Homeopathic treatments influence growth, production of secondary metabolites, essential oil yield, phytochemical profile, and tolerance to salt stress, among others, when applied to various crops. Homeopathic ultra high dilution is used safely for various purposes (seed germination, soil health improvement, seedling growth, flowering, fruiting, disease protection and to overcome environmental stress). Proper selection of Homeopathy medicament for each case is very important, to have hight efficiency and profitability. The agrohomeopathy can increase farmers' income by reducing the cost of use chemical fertilizers and insecticides. Literature articles on research related to the use of homeopathic preparations in plant cultivation were collected. Their impact on growth, yield, essential oil composition and tolerance to salt stress was emphasized. Various publications in which homeopathy was applied to various crops and its use increased crop yield, production of secondary metabolites (coumarins, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids), absorption and growth of nutrients in medicinal plant species, as well as tolerance to saline stress. Therapeutic treatments for human and animal health are shown to be important for various plant crops. The application of homeopathic preparations is an alternative for plant growth, friendly to the environment. It is also affordable for farmers and researchers, however more studies are required to improve its influence and effects.

Gerbera's growth under water reuse and management

ADVANCES IN HORTICULTURE - REVIEW | Santos Costa, W.R. - Henrique Máximo, P. - Silva e Silva, J. - Carvalho Rocha, R. - Oliveira Pinto de Queiroz, S.

Tags: Gerbera jamesonii, wastewater, irrigation management

PDF 561.3 KB (324 downloads)

The present work was carried out to evaluate the technical feasibility of adopting water reuse under different irrigation management for gerbera production. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in a split plot scheme having three water qualities (wastewater use; wastewater + 50% of chemical fertilization and São Francisco river water + chemical fertilization) in the plots and two methods of water management (Frequency Domain Reflectometry and tensiometry) in the subplots, repeated five times, where the technical parameters evaluated were total and commercial production per plant (number of stems ha-1); stem and flower diameter (cm) ; length of stem (cm) and water use efficiency (number of stems ha-1 mm-1). The technical feasibility of the adoption of water reuse for gerbera cultivation was verified, with similar qualitative results to those obtained by applying fertigation with water from the São Francisco river and similar total production. FDR irrigation management provides greater efficiency in water use.